The 63 Building, also known as the Hanhwa 63 City, is a skyscraper on Yeouido island boasting stunning views of the Han River and the city of Seoul. Opened in July 1985, the building is the tallest gold-clad structure in the world and a must-see landmark in South Korea. The 63 Building stands tall at 817ft and comprises 60 floors and 3 basement ... The 63 Building by the Han River in Seoul, South Korea, is a skyscraper that stands at over 300 meters tall. It was designed by the renowned Korean firm Samoo Architects & Engineers and completed in 1985. The building has been widely praised for its unique design, which features an oval-shaped top with four curved towers that meet at the center.Engage (5 minutes) Introduce the challenge to your students. Explain that their main goal is to build a tower that is as tall as possible and can support a can of food at the top, using nothing but paper and tape. Show your students the following introductory video: Tallest Tower: 2021 Engineering Challenge. CIVIL ENGINEERS DREAM BIG WINDY CITY TOWER ACTIVITY GRADE LEVEL: ELEMENTARY THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL Activity: Windy City Tower DO THIS: The Challenge: Build a tower out of no more than 3 sheets of paper that supports a weight at least 9 inches above the surface of a table or floor. In the original activity we used a large washer thatThe Marshmallow Challenge is a team-building game that sees teams attempting to build the tallest possible freestanding tower that can support a marshmallow at its peak. Materials vary between versions of the challenge (see the next section), but ours involves marshmallows, uncooked spaghetti, masking tape, string, and scissors. Mark August 15, 2023 . Yes, JeWElle, I always like to roll one activity (and its debris) into the next one, so you share good ideas. In regards to connecting this activity to others, there are many I can think of, but other tower building exercises may be a natural fit such as Marshmallow Challenge, Leaning Tower of Feetza, Block Bridge, etc. The 2021 Engineering Challenge is inspired by towers like those in Figures 1 and 2. As shown in the following video, your goal is to build the tallest possible tower using only paper and tape, but the tower must also support a can of food at the top. You can use this project to explore several topics in physics and engineering. This is a handout for a Team Building Activity. The teacher divides students into groups and gives them each at least 2 sets of index cards. The students must use non-verbal communication to see which group can build the biggest tower out of the index cards. Give students a reward for the team with the tallest tower.ACTIVITY/TEAM BUILDING IDEA 2002 NAME Deb Ivey, 4-H Youth Development Agent County Iowa Name of Activity: Teamwork Olympics Time Needed: 20-30 minutes Number of Players: No Limit—at least five for one team Materials Needed: One or more Large metal washers with 5-7 strings tied to it. The strings should be 2-3 feet in length. In this lesson, we will learn about the Tower of Babel from Genesis 11:1-9. After Noah and the flood, the number of people on earth grew. They were supposed to fill the earth as God commanded, but instead stayed in one area. One day, they decided to build a tower.Jan 6, 2017 - Explore Emily Pierce's board "Straw towers" on Pinterest. See more ideas about stem projects, stem science, stem challenges.Opened in July 1985, the building is the tallest gold-clad structure in the world and a must-see landmark in South Korea. The 63 Building stands tall at 817ft and comprises 60 floors and 3 basement levels – offering plenty of space to explore and amazing scenery down below to admire. However, the building is much more than an observation tower.The Basics. At 63 Building (Golden Tower), visitors can ride a glass elevator to an observation floor—home to the world’s highest art gallery—on the 60th floor. The ride to the top takes less than 30 seconds, and on a clear day, the views extend all the way to Incheon. The lower floors of the building house an indoor commercial center ...5. After your child has finished building, it's time to test their prototype. Measure the tower's height and have your child record the height on a piece of paper. 6. Since the purpose of this challenge is to build the tallest tower possible, your child will need to create at least one more prototype and compare its height with the first tower.2. Extension Activities - Optional extensions for students. 3. Implementation Schedule - A two-week calendar with suggested daily activities. 4. Tower Log - Record observations and plan, design and evaluate your structure. 5. Tower Sketch - A grid to plan your team’s design. 6. Basic Tower Design - Covers legs, columns and bracing. 7.For further suggestions on follow-up and other team activities, go to www.freshtracks.co.uk or email [email protected] Height of Tower Cost Efficiency –15 pointsCheapest tower 2nd tallest – 13 points 2nd most expensive – 13 points 3rd tallest – 10 points 3rd most expensive – 10 points5. After your child has finished building, it's time to test their prototype. Measure the tower's height and have your child record the height on a piece of paper. 6. Since the purpose of this challenge is to build the tallest tower possible, your child will need to create at least one more prototype and compare its height with the first tower.Instructions: 1. Choose 2 materials to build your tower & record them in your data table. Need some inspiration? Here's some great materials: cups, books, toothpicks, card, yarn, play-doh, popsicle sticks, tape, rubber bands, and so much more! 2. On a flat surface, assemble your tower using your chosen materials. 3.The ten activities are scheduled in a sequential order. Two loops are teed off from the main network indicating the dependence relationship between installation of precast façade, the activities for wall construction and crane-related activities. Normally, a tower crane can only be installed for a building block owing to both economic reasons and The 63 Building, also known as the Hanhwa 63 City, is a skyscraper on Yeouido island boasting stunning views of the Han River and the city of Seoul. Opened in July 1985, the building is the tallest gold-clad structure in the world and a must-see landmark in South Korea. The 63 Building stands tall at 817ft and comprises 60 floors and 3 basement ... Jan 6, 2017 - Explore Emily Pierce's board "Straw towers" on Pinterest. See more ideas about stem projects, stem science, stem challenges. Time: 10:00-20:00 p.m. Phone: 1833-7001. The following is the fee schedule for admission and participation in 63 Sky Art. Individual Adults (age 19 and older) 20,000 won. Teenagers (age 13 to 18) 18,000 won. Children (age 3 to 12) 16,000 won. If there are Groups of Adults (20 people or more), then 10,000 won. Jan 6, 2017 - Explore Emily Pierce's board "Straw towers" on Pinterest. See more ideas about stem projects, stem science, stem challenges. Feb 9, 2023 · In this lesson, we will learn about the Tower of Babel from Genesis 11:1-9. After Noah and the flood, the number of people on earth grew. They were supposed to fill the earth as God commanded, but instead stayed in one area. One day, they decided to build a tower. Feb 7, 2023 · 9. Balancing Towers. This construction and balance game is sure to become one of your kids’ favorite activities! It provides a great opportunity for children to learn physics concepts like gravity, mass, and kinetic movement. It’s perfectly designed to help with attention and concentration disorders. Tower Guard is a team building activity and ice breaker that I use in my classroom to help students learn to work together. The students will work in small groups to build a guard tower out of index cards. At the end of the design period, the tower will be tested by placing a "guard" on top of the tower. This is a handout for a Team Building Activity. The teacher divides students into groups and gives them each at least 2 sets of index cards. The students must use non-verbal communication to see which group can build the biggest tower out of the index cards. Give students a reward for the team with the tallest tower.TOWER COMPETITION This activity uses creativity, compromise, and group decision-making to find one of many possible solutions to a problem. Here are two variations. Group size: 2-10 STRAW TOWER Steps: • Provide the group with a pile of drinking straws, paper clips, pipe cleaners, scissors, and a ball of string.2. Walk around the room and monitor the building of the structures. 3. Remind teams of the time. Call out when there are 12 minutes, 9 minutes (half-way), 6 minutes, 3 minutes, 1 minute, and 30 seconds left. 4. Call out when a team builds a standing structure. 5. Remind the teams that the structure must be freestanding and they cannot use their ...The specifications of the Spaghetti Tower are as follows: - It must be built entirely of Spaghetti & Jelly Babies. - It must be self-standing and rest on the table. - An inflated balloon must be attached to the top of the tower by the end of the time period. Aim: - To build the tallest, most cost-effective, free-standing tower within the Tower Building Activity Donald Trump wants to build a 100 meter high tower as quickly as possible. He has unlimited resources and an unlimited budget and is willing to spend any amount to get the job done. He has chosen to build the tower with blocks that are 100 meters long and 100 meters wide, but only 1 meter tall. Before the Activity. Gather materials and make copies of the Tower Masters Research Worksheet (Gr3-5), Straw Tower Mini-Activities 1 & 2 Worksheet (Gr3-5) and Tower to the Moon Main Activity Worksheet (Gr3-5), one each per student. For younger students, use the grades K-2 versions of these worksheets, provided in the Attachment section.Mark August 15, 2023 . Yes, JeWElle, I always like to roll one activity (and its debris) into the next one, so you share good ideas. In regards to connecting this activity to others, there are many I can think of, but other tower building exercises may be a natural fit such as Marshmallow Challenge, Leaning Tower of Feetza, Block Bridge, etc.Mar 5, 2020 · Easy Prep. These five challenges use easy to gather materials and can be prepped in minutes. One requires a wacky material but I will give you tips about that one. Take a look at: Egg Towers. 12 Straws Towers. 12 Cards Towers. Tennis Ball Towers. Water Towers. Summary: Students will use simple materials to build the tallest, free standing tower within the time constraints and using the efforts of all team members. Engineering Connection: Engineers work with many different types of materials and must design within the restrictions of a particular problem or project.The Marshmallow Challenge is a team-building game that sees teams attempting to build the tallest possible freestanding tower that can support a marshmallow at its peak. Materials vary between versions of the challenge (see the next section), but ours involves marshmallows, uncooked spaghetti, masking tape, string, and scissors. It stood as South Korea's tallest building until the Hyperion Tower surpassed it in 2003, but remained the country's tallest commercial building until the Northeast Asia Trade Tower was topped-out in 2009. The 63 Building was built as a landmark for the 1988 Summer Olympics. 63 is something of a misnomer since only 60 floors are above ground ...Structural System 1. External 2. Internal 3. Intermediate (Transfer Trusses) It is a Diagrid Truss-Tube structure with interior columns. This structure is usually used forLarge group. Students review what internal and external forces are and begin to explore the purpose and uses of tall towers in the world. Action: Design, Build and Test and Share a Prototype. 40 minutes. Small group. Students design, build and test a tall tower. Consolidation: Tall Towers and Sustainable Cities. 20 minutes.5. After your child has finished building, it's time to test their prototype. Measure the tower's height and have your child record the height on a piece of paper. 6. Since the purpose of this challenge is to build the tallest tower possible, your child will need to create at least one more prototype and compare its height with the first tower. The 63 Building by the Han River in Seoul, South Korea, is a skyscraper that stands at over 300 meters tall. It was designed by the renowned Korean firm Samoo Architects & Engineers and completed in 1985. The building has been widely praised for its unique design, which features an oval-shaped top with four curved towers that meet at the center.Have the students discuss these materials in terms of compression and tension. Give each material a cost and give groups a budget (i.e. spaghetti noodle $0.10 and marshmallows $0.20 with a $10.00 budget). Let groups pick how much of each material they want with the given budget and create a structure. Have the students design their own ...Tower Building Activity Donald Trump wants to build a 100 meter high tower as quickly as possible. He has unlimited resources and an unlimited budget and is willing to spend any amount to get the job done. He has chosen to build the tower with blocks that are 100 meters long and 100 meters wide, but only 1 meter tall. It soars over 2,716 feet into the sky. In this activity, your child will be challenged to build a tall tower of their own out of building bricks! The instructions include question prompts to guide students through the design challenge, and encourages them to adapt their designs until they are satisfied with the final product. Instructions: 1. Choose 2 materials to build your tower & record them in your data table. Need some inspiration? Here's some great materials: cups, books, toothpicks, card, yarn, play-doh, popsicle sticks, tape, rubber bands, and so much more! 2. On a flat surface, assemble your tower using your chosen materials. 3.Jan 6, 2017 - Explore Emily Pierce's board "Straw towers" on Pinterest. See more ideas about stem projects, stem science, stem challenges.Version 4.0 Tower Building Activity Donald Trump wants to build a 100 meter high tower as quickly as possible. He has unlimited resources and an unlimited budget and is willing to spend any amount to get the job done. He has chosen to build the tower with blocks that are 100 meters long and 100 meters wide, but only 1 meter tall.The "Tall Tower Challenge" activity explores the design of tall structures such as sky scrapers and telecommunication towers. Students work in teams to engineer the tallest tower they can build using just straws, pipe cleaners, and paperclips. The tower must be strong enough to support the weight of a golf ball for two minutes. Age Levels 8-18.Oct 18, 2017 · Team Building Activity: To Build a Tower Posted by Kristin Arnold on October 18, 2017 This activity is a great tool to demonstrate the value of planning and teamwork. It works best with groups of four to ten people and requires 30 minutes. You will need a space large enough for the team to separate into smaller groups and the following materials: STEP 2: Give a minute or two for a planning phase (optional). STEP 3: Set a time limit (15-20 minutes is ideal). This is also optional. STEP 4: Once the time is up, have the kids measure the tower (s). Hint: Incorporate extra math in this step! Grab a measuring tape to measure and record each tower.Design Challenge: Building a Bridge. This activity is a great introduction to design thinking because it will capture your child’s interest in a way that is fun and empowering. The challenge is to design a bridge that is made of marshmallows and toothpicks. The bridge must be able to connect two tissue boxes that are spaced six inches apart. TOWER COMPETITION This activity uses creativity, compromise, and group decision-making to find one of many possible solutions to a problem. Here are two variations. Group size: 2-10 STRAW TOWER Steps: • Provide the group with a pile of drinking straws, paper clips, pipe cleaners, scissors, and a ball of string.• The experiment will consist of building a tower 3 feet tall that will support a 3-pound weight, us-ing paper, straws, plastic trays, tape, rubber bands, and string . • Students will work in groups of three and have thirty minutes to complete the project . Electrical tower with power lines. Pyramids made from magnetic construction toys. 9. Balancing Towers. This construction and balance game is sure to become one of your kids’ favorite activities! It provides a great opportunity for children to learn physics concepts like gravity, mass, and kinetic movement. It’s perfectly designed to help with attention and concentration disorders.Opened in July 1985, the building is the tallest gold-clad structure in the world and a must-see landmark in South Korea. The 63 Building stands tall at 817ft and comprises 60 floors and 3 basement levels – offering plenty of space to explore and amazing scenery down below to admire. However, the building is much more than an observation tower.This is a handout for a Team Building Activity. The teacher divides students into groups and gives them each at least 2 sets of index cards. The students must use non-verbal communication to see which group can build the biggest tower out of the index cards. Give students a reward for the team with the tallest tower. complete the tower. The straws are worth $200 a piece the craft sticks are worth $280 a piece and the tape is $100 an inch. Your group must figure out the total cost of your tower and stay within the $15,000 maximum budget. The team that builds the tower capable of supporting a book with the lowest cost per inch wins.Person US$ 8 11.5. - Entrance ticket to 63 Sky Art. Combo Ticket. Person US$ 18.1 24.6. - Entrance ticket to 63 Sky Art. - Entrance ticket to Aqua Planet 63. *The same price applies for adults and children. *Children younger than 36 months old are free of charge (please present a valid ID upon entering).Version 4.0 Tower Building Activity Donald Trump wants to build a 100 meter high tower as quickly as possible. He has unlimited resources and an unlimited budget and is willing to spend any amount to get the job done. He has chosen to build the tower with blocks that are 100 meters long and 100 meters wide, but only 1 meter tall.It soars over 2,716 feet into the sky. In this activity, your child will be challenged to build a tall tower of their own out of building bricks! The instructions include question prompts to guide students through the design challenge, and encourages them to adapt their designs until they are satisfied with the final product. Skyscrapers are one of the most glorified products of civil engineering and contain an interesting history of progress and development. Students learn about the history of the world's tallest free standing structures and the basic design principles behind their success. Then, through two associated activities, students are given tower design challenges, as if they were civil engineers. They ... The "Tall Tower Challenge" activity explores the design of tall structures such as sky scrapers and telecommunication towers. Students work in teams to engineer the tallest tower they can build using just straws, pipe cleaners, and paperclips. The tower must be strong enough to support the weight of a golf ball for two minutes. Age Levels 8-18.5. After your child has finished building, it's time to test their prototype. Measure the tower's height and have your child record the height on a piece of paper. 6. Since the purpose of this challenge is to build the tallest tower possible, your child will need to create at least one more prototype and compare its height with the first tower.Opened in July 1985, the building is the tallest gold-clad structure in the world and a must-see landmark in South Korea. The 63 Building stands tall at 817ft and comprises 60 floors and 3 basement levels – offering plenty of space to explore and amazing scenery down below to admire. However, the building is much more than an observation tower.Tower Guard is a team building activity and ice breaker that I use in my classroom to help students learn to work together. The students will work in small groups to build a guard tower out of index cards. At the end of the design period, the tower will be tested by placing a "guard" on top of the tower.Large group. Students review what internal and external forces are and begin to explore the purpose and uses of tall towers in the world. Action: Design, Build and Test and Share a Prototype. 40 minutes. Small group. Students design, build and test a tall tower. Consolidation: Tall Towers and Sustainable Cities. 20 minutes.Team Building Activity Best Matrioshka (Novorossisk, Russia) Paper Tower Building Objectives: • Creative thinking • Collaboration • Teamwork • Strategy • Time management Setup: Leave materials on the table Instructions to Team: • Build the tallest free-standing tower you can with just the paper provided (no other materials may be used)This is a handout for a Team Building Activity. The teacher divides students into groups and gives them each at least 2 sets of index cards. The students must use non-verbal communication to see which group can build the biggest tower out of the index cards. Give students a reward for the team with the tallest tower. Archived from on April 5, 2015. [5] [10] [11] Empire State Building is a 102-story [c] Art Deco skyscraper Midtown Manhattan New York City. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from " Empire State of the state of New York.Building Runners. This exercise requires a set of building blocks (e.g. Lego) or construction rods, for each of 2 to 6 teams of 3 to 6 people on each team. Begin by building yourself a model that needs to be replicated by each team (do this prior to starting the activity of course).Skyscrapers are one of the most glorified products of civil engineering and contain an interesting history of progress and development. Students learn about the history of the world's tallest free standing structures and the basic design principles behind their success. Then, through two associated activities, students are given tower design ...Marshmallow Tower Team Building STEM Challenge Back to School. Integrate STEM in your classroom with a Marshmallow Back to School STEM Activity!Begin building community in your classroom while introducing STEM. Students must build a tower out of marshmallows and toothpicks.The STEM Process:Students plan, design, and execute their own ideas. Prework and Equipment. – 100g of spaghetti, 1 balloon and 20 jelly babies per team. – 1 Tape measure. – Sufficient table space is needed. Running the Activity. 1. Split the group into small teams (of 3 – 4) 2. Introduce the exercise by stating that the challenge is to build the tallest, most cost effective freestanding tower that will ...Introduce the activity by saying: “Your goal is to build a tower that matches the pre built tower.” Ask for one volunteer from each group to be their group’s representative, and explain that only the representative will be allowed to see the pre-built tower.Tower-Building Competition: • Each tower should be tested one at a time. • Place the books on the tower one by one, in the same order for each tower to maintain consistency. • If the tower tips over, the number of books that the tower was able to support is one fewer than the number of books placed on the tower during the trial. Opened in July 1985, the building is the tallest gold-clad structure in the world and a must-see landmark in South Korea. The 63 Building stands tall at 817ft and comprises 60 floors and 3 basement levels – offering plenty of space to explore and amazing scenery down below to admire. However, the building is much more than an observation tower.This is a handout for a Team Building Activity. The teacher divides students into groups and gives them each at least 2 sets of index cards. The students must use non-verbal communication to see which group can build the biggest tower out of the index cards. Give students a reward for the team with the tallest tower. Tower) and WTC 2 (South Tower), completed by early 1970’s, were each 110 stories high, dwarfing the other skyscrapers in lower Manhattan. WTC 7 was a 47-story office building on land owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) across Vesey Street on the north side of the Plaza complex.tower design pass the 15-second test? Step 5: Record your results by photographing, videotaping, or drawing a diagram of the tower and marshmallow after the 15-second test period. Write down what happened even if the tower falls or breaks. Step 6: Based on what you learned from the first tower, design and build a second tower that you believe ... tower design pass the 15-second test? Step 5: Record your results by photographing, videotaping, or drawing a diagram of the tower and marshmallow after the 15-second test period. Write down what happened even if the tower falls or breaks. Step 6: Based on what you learned from the first tower, design and build a second tower that you believe ...In this lesson, we will learn about the Tower of Babel from Genesis 11:1-9. After Noah and the flood, the number of people on earth grew. They were supposed to fill the earth as God commanded, but instead stayed in one area. One day, they decided to build a tower.
The 63 Building, also known as the Hanhwa 63 City, is a skyscraper on Yeouido island boasting stunning views of the Han River and the city of Seoul. Opened in July 1985, the building is the tallest gold-clad structure in the world and a must-see landmark in South Korea. The 63 Building stands tall at 817ft and comprises 60 floors and 3 basement .... Pratt
Summary: Students will use simple materials to build the tallest, free standing tower within the time constraints and using the efforts of all team members. Engineering Connection: Engineers work with many different types of materials and must design within the restrictions of a particular problem or project.The 63 Building, also known as the Hanhwa 63 City, is a skyscraper on Yeouido island boasting stunning views of the Han River and the city of Seoul. Opened in July 1985, the building is the tallest gold-clad structure in the world and a must-see landmark in South Korea. The 63 Building stands tall at 817ft and comprises 60 floors and 3 basement ... Discover 63 Building with our comprehensive guide. Explore the highlights, read 311 reviews and locate nearby hotels for an unforgettable experience. Plan your visit today with Trip.com.The 63 Building by the Han River in Seoul, South Korea, is a skyscraper that stands at over 300 meters tall. It was designed by the renowned Korean firm Samoo Architects & Engineers and completed in 1985. The building has been widely praised for its unique design, which features an oval-shaped top with four curved towers that meet at the center. eat these! Instead, reserve some marshmallows as a “snack” to be enjoyed after the activity. Activity Structure: Step 1: Become familiar with the building materials. • Have your students practice using the materials a little bit by building two-dimensional and then three-dimensional shapes. Feb 9, 2023 · In this lesson, we will learn about the Tower of Babel from Genesis 11:1-9. After Noah and the flood, the number of people on earth grew. They were supposed to fill the earth as God commanded, but instead stayed in one area. One day, they decided to build a tower. 63 SKY ART Observatory & Aqua Planet 63. From$11.68. $8.67 – 26 %. Temporarily unavailable. entry ticket.63 City is a skyscraper on Seoul's Yeouido Island, overlooking the Han River. The name comes from the building's 63 stories, 60 of which are above ground and 3 of which are below ground. It is an all-inclusive tourist attraction. The whole building is clad in double reflective glass, which gives it a brilliant golden appearance in the sunlight. 63 Building is a skyscraper on Yeouido (island) in Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul in South Korea. Despite its name, it actually has 66 floors – 63 floors above ground and 3 floors underground. Construction started in February 1980, and was completed in May 1985. At that time, the name of the building was “Daehanlife 63 Building”, but the name of ... If the tower falls, your team must start over. (The tower must be completely restacked to its original form before starting again). PURPOSE: This team-building exercise helps build trust on a team by providing a safe space for participants to take risks and make mistakes. OBJECTIVE: To build the highest tower (29 stories minimum)It soars over 2,716 feet into the sky. In this activity, your child will be challenged to build a tall tower of their own out of building bricks! The instructions include question prompts to guide students through the design challenge, and encourages them to adapt their designs until they are satisfied with the final product. Nov 20, 2017 · Tower Building Exercise This exercise examines a managerial style in action and the climate the ‘manager’ creates for the team. The exercise involves dividing participants into teams (1 manager, 3 team members) – they have to then build a tower using different-sized wooden blocks. 5. After your child has finished building, it's time to test their prototype. Measure the tower's height and have your child record the height on a piece of paper. 6. Since the purpose of this challenge is to build the tallest tower possible, your child will need to create at least one more prototype and compare its height with the first tower. 2. Walk around the room and monitor the building of the structures. 3. Remind teams of the time. Call out when there are 12 minutes, 9 minutes (half-way), 6 minutes, 3 minutes, 1 minute, and 30 seconds left. 4. Call out when a team builds a standing structure. 5. Remind the teams that the structure must be freestanding and they cannot use their ... These fun and interactive Kindergarten math templates are a great way to consolidate early number skills for numbers 1-20 in the Kindergarten and first-grade classroom.Students love building their towers with snap cubes (unifix cubes). You could also use lego or duplo!8 levels are included:Level 1: Numerals to 10Level 2: Numerals, dice and ten ... Tower STEM Challenges: 5 Icebreaker Activities. lays a critical foundation for more intensive STEM . Working as a team, they will learn lessons in communication, innovation, hidden assumptions, and creativity that are central to the engineering process. Click here for an editable STEM journal to use with distance learning, including digital and ... .